I am just wrapping up reading The Courage To Be Disliked by Kishimi and Koga. It works through Adlerian psychology using an interesting kind of dialogue style. Basically, a cynic asking “yeah but” questions for the whole book. What occurred to me while reading it is that Adler’s psychology is pretty spot on for Buddhism, except without the mystic elements. The main shift seems to be this:
Teleology: We try to find causes to justify our choices.
This can also be summed up as: The past does not exist. It has absolutely no hold over you other than that which you give it.
If you were punched by your parent as a child, you might think this would cause you to hold a bunch of personality traits. But Teleology says no – that you want these traits, because they serve you in some way, and you’re using being punched by your parent as justification for holding onto those traits. The task is then to ask yourself “why have I chosen this feeling/trait”.
A shorter term example is “That person did X and that made me angry so I did Y”. According to Adler, you wanted to do Y anyway, so you used the event X as an excuse. The right question then is “Why did I choose to do X? What do I get from having done X? Is it really a choice I want to make again? Does it really serve me, or is it just habit that I want to do X?”.
Another example: This person does such annoying things that they have caused me to dislike them. No – you chose to dislike the person, and now you’re mining through their corpus of behaviours for evidence of how awful they are to justify your dislike of them. The question should be “Why have I chosen to dislike this person? What does it get me? What would I risk by choosing to like them instead?”. I, for instance, really dislike my mother in law. Everything she does irritates me. She eats with her fingers (disgusting), and acts like a little girl at the table (she’s 70), and makes constant requests for our time and pouts when she doesn’t get her way. Justifiable dislike, right? Let’s rethink: I should say, I have chosen to dislike her. As such, I am looking for evidence for my dislike, and am interpreting things that wouldn’t normally bother me as totally unacceptable. Eating with fingers? In someone I liked, that would be interpreted as whimsy. Acting like a little girl? In someone I liked that would be interpreted as inducing a casual atmosphere to put people at ease and bring a sense of fun. Making constant requests? In someone I liked, this would be framed as someone who likes me and my kids, and wants to be around us as much as possible. We’ll get to the pouting later. So why have I chosen to dislike her? My choice is likely based on a perceived threat — early on I was concerned she was trying to break up me and my husband (I’m not sure I’m wrong about that, but it’s been 25 years, so she clearly hasn’t been successful). I’ve held on to disliking her for that act since then. To justify my choice I’ve had to search for evidence, and present the evidence of her being unacceptable to my husband, who finds it pretty distressing (it’s his mom!). I’m also fairly rude to her when she comes over, because I never wanted her to visit in the first place. So ages ago, I chose to dislike her as a misguided way to keep my husband’s attention and commitment. Now that dislike is pretty out dated, and probably didn’t help anyway. I can now just let that go and choose to like her! I can open my heart up again because I don’t have anything to gain from the dislike!
This is the ultimate vehicle to letting go of the past. It’s a fascinating approach. Just turning the question around, rather than *just* letting go abstractly. Asking yourself “Why am I choosing to hold on to this?”, and not asking that rhetorically but asking it genuinely!
The formation of the question is important. “Why I am choosing”, rather than “Why am I”. Because “Why am I” seems externally imposed. “Why has the universe made me dislike this person; Why am I doomed to be angry all the time?”. Instead, “Why have I chosen to be angry” gives you answers like “Because it helps me keep people at a distance so that I’m not confronted by their criticism of me”. “Why have I chosen to dislike this person” might lead to “I’ve chosen this because I believe they are superior to me in some way and I am wanting to place myself above them instead”. It moves away from focusing on justification of the anger, or the dislike, or the reactive strategy, and focuses on the choice.
Our reverse-thinking (post hoc justifications) could be seen as the delusion that Buddhsts talk to. The ultimate self-trick: “They made me do it”. Our psyches construct a world filled with unavoidable outside influences that we are unable to defend against. We are victims of the world around us – and everywhere we go, our emotions are triggered by these interlopers! Hence: Suffering.
Suffering takes the form of anger, paranoia, clinging. These are all defensive behaviours, meant to ward off the effects and influences of others on our lives. We set ourselves up in opposition to those around us. We even set ourselves up to be in opposition to ourselves!
By taking total responsibility for our feelings, and asking “why have I chosen to feel this?” we can deconstruct the suffering. We don’t have to choose to get angry in traffic. We chose to do that because it made us feel something (moral superiority? virtue?). We don’t even need to hate ourselves for our failures — we believe that self-hatred is a form of virtue, so we choose to hate ourselves. But does it get us where we want? Does it make us happy? Does it make us better at our work? Is it serving us the way we had hoped? If not, discard!
Drive all blames into one never made sense to me until this point. In this context it could mean completely owning your reactions in a situation and look at why you’re choosing to have them. Yes, that person rear-ended your car. That makes you angry. You blame them for your anger. But it was your choice to be angry. The blame for your anger is your own. You have to ask: Are you going to use their action as the final excuse you needed to scream at someone that they’re an asshole? Why have you chosen to decide they’re an asshole? What does that serve you? Have you made other choices that make you feel personally compromised? Maybe at work? And you’re feeling powerless? And so now you’ve chosen to identify this person as an asshole to give you an excuse to scream at the person to try to make yourself feel superior at least to this idiot who hit you in traffic? You have power in every situation. You are not an emotional victim. You are the agent of your own emotional choices. That’s not to say you shouldn’t swap insurance, and make sure to get reimbursed for your car repairs! But driving blames into one(‘s self) in this sense means remembering you have power and responsibility in each situation, regardless of who started it.
So let’s revisit the case of my mother in law who pouts when she doesn’t get what she wants. This is her own emotional response to me doing something to her (saying “it’s not a good weekend for a visit” will do it). Put in Adlerian teleological terms, I have, in the past, chosen to be intimidated and angered by her pouting. But Adler would say I don’t have to make that choice: that her emotional reaction is her own task to solve. If I have had a relationship with her that is open hearted, and I’ve given what I can, but accepted my own limitations for what I can offer, then if she finds that inadequate, she actually needs to work through that herself.
The social contract espoused by Adler is very Buddhist middle way: Behave in good faith in the world. Act morally. Treat everyone as equals. Contribute to others, as they ask, whenever you are able, but know your limits and don’t martyr yourself. Own your own emotional responses (Drive all blame for emotional influence into one’s self).
Adler gives us the means to step off the Karmic wheel: To let go of the past by asking ourselves why we are choosing our feelings to serve us in the present. We can stop neurotically reliving old wounds by genuinely asking ourselves what the reliving was supposed to achieve, and looking actively for a better way to achieve it. Our whole society has been built around “I am responsible for your feelings and you are responsible for mine”, but this is flawed, and leads to suffering. We cannot be held responsible for others’ feelings because we don’t have total control over them. It’s unsustainable and crazy making. We have been taught blame as a mechanism to make sense of the world (“Who moved my cheese?”) but blaming others gets you into a trap of waiting for others to save you, when really you have trapped yourself.